The market is open, but the key is whether self-certification methods will be recognized. NHTSA initiated an audit on the day of launch, and Zoox, the precedent, turned to an exemption approval route.

UNECE international standards have not yet been reflected in EU legislation. Certification for FSD with steering wheels in city centers is expected by 2028, and steering-wheel-less vehicles are further down the line.

Mandatory manual control within 10 seconds in case of an accident. Current designs without control devices cannot meet legal requirements, and cross-border data transfer is also prohibited.

Level 4 requirements are still at the administrative guideline stage, not yet law. Special legislation for the Passenger Transport Service Act is targeted for 2027, and commercialization is limited to pilot zones.